Child-rearing practices

‘Accomplishment of natural growth’

‘Concerted cultivation’

Key elements

Parent cares for child and allows child to grow

Parent actively fosters and assesses child’s talents, opinions, and skills

Organization of daily life

Multiple child leisure activities orchestrated by adults

‘Hanging out,’ particularly with kin, by child

Language use

Directives

Rare questioning or challenging of adults by child

General acceptance by child of directives

Reasoning/directives

Child contestation of adult statements

Extended negotiations between parents and child

Interventions in institutions

Dependence on (bureaucratic) institutions

Sense of powerlessness and frustration

Conflict between child-rearing practices at home and at school

Criticisms and interventions on behalf of child

Training of child to take on this role

Consequences

Emerging sense of constraint on the part of the child

 Emerging sense of entitlement on the part of the child

Time and money

Constant discussions of finances, inability to pay for ‘extras‘;

The right job lets parents be more flexible to attend children’s events, participate/coach, etc.

Money may rarely be discussed (but is usually available when needed);

Attending events parent/teacher conferences, etc., and getting off work