1. Pre-persuasion
   1. ‘Framing’ the issue
   2. Case for war with a national (global) audience–the building threat
2. Source credibility
   1. Media sources, public debate (or lack of)
   2. Colin Powell at the United Nations
3. Message control
   1. Office of special plans
   2. Managing commercial media
   3. Sports metaphors
   4. Dissembling post-invasion (Rumsfeld caught lying and lying about lying)
   5. Meet Frank Luntz (go to 39:15)
4. Appeal to emotion
   1. Fear
   2. Nuclear imagery  (repeat as needed)
   3. Post-invasion: Patriotism (landing on the USS Lincoln, ‘victory’ speech)
   4. Desert Storm (1st Persian Gulf War): The short and long version (a must-see)

Other techniques

Disambiguation

• the Lorax, Secret World of Arietty
• The Pope vs (Fox’s) Stuart Varney, Daily Show
• Fox vs the World narrative (or bored photojournalists?)

Reflect values and beliefs of audience

• Entitlement nation (Fox)
• Regulation nation (Fox)
• Trump’s speech patterns interpreted (MSNBC)
• The Trump cult (CNN)

Distance propaganda from its source

• Astroturf
• Wolf Blitzer doubles down on source filtering (CNN)
• Fake News Videos (hook, target audience, ‘testimonial,’ ‘expert,’ lack of attribution, persuasion strategies [like appeal to fear], often ‘investigative’-looking)

Personalize / dehumanize as appropriate

• Obama SOTU speech: Rebecca and the economy
• Bush SOTU: Personalizing Iraq
• Clinton SOTU: Science and Math (we’re no. 1)

Social proof

• The global warming petition (Fox)
• ‘Some people say‘ (Fox)
• Mothers against Obamacare (MSNBC)
• Censorship and public opinion–the opposite of social proof
  • Revisiting 9/11 attacks