You will analyze a news story, choosing 3 news articles covering the story in the news. You’ll be looking for evidence of bias, filtering, etc.—differences in coverage explainable in terms of biased reporting. The bias could be political, could be commercial, and the use of techniques designed to deceive, either by the news media outlet or by newsmakers. The book ‘How to detect media bias & propaganda’ is your guide—you’ll want to read through it carefully, probably more than once (it’s short! Well … tiny), to help you identify and describe the techniques of manipulation covered by the authors. Note: Part of this assignment involves choosing a story where there are some pretty clear differences of political perspective, especially where the stakes are high. As per the course’s title.

So, just to make it clear: one story, three versions of it, spread across outlets with left, center and right-leaning political tendencies. This makes your choices important. Definitely you’ll want the stories appearing on the same day, as you know how news stories and politicians’ spin on the previous day’s quotes can change rapidly.

Spin involves the manipulation of language, used to defend one’s views, attack others’ move public opinion, etc.—is but one of many techniques used to try to influence. For instance, was the war in Iraq about freedom and democracy? Or oil? Why were Iraq’s (alleged) weapons referred to in the US by politicians and the media as ‘weapons of mass destruction’ while the US’ weapons had names like ‘smart bombs,’ ‘precision munitions,’ ‘daisy cutters’ and ‘bunker busters?’ Did the enemies of the U.S. really hate our freedoms? Or did they have quarrels with U.S. foreign policy? Did the US military ‘torture’ prisoners, or engage in ‘enhanced interrogation?’ Is a person who supports a woman’s reproductive rights pro-choice, pro-abortion, or anti-life? Are those who oppose abortion pro-life, pro-birth, anti-abortion or anti-choice? Is the republican party really the party of family values? Are the democrats really the champions of the poor? Was President Obama a socialist? Was President Trump a fascist? Is Biden a communist? Is withholding evidence of state-sponsored spying on US journalists really about national security, or avoiding bad press?

There are many techniques designed to ‘frame’ issues in deceptive and self-serving ways, and part of what I’ll be looking for in your paper is whether you can identify them when they are used by people in the news, and by those who report the news. This means knowing the story well, so the other major requirement is to do some background research on the topic (at least 3 outside sources).

Deception could come from individuals quoted in an article, it could be the spin of the media outlet or the author of the story, or the author might take an entirely uncritical view of quotes or statements in the story (reporting newsmakers’ spin as straight news). Even the headline of an article can be spun—so watch for spin, deception and propaganda in different places.

Some basic rules

• Same topic please! Choose a story that covers the same topic. In other words, choose three articles covering the same story in the same time period, so they’re comparable. Also . . . the story must be something happening during the term—this is a class dealing with current events, not last year’s.
• Things to avoid. Among the three versions you choose to compare for your story:
  • Avoid editorial articles—Your assignment is to compare/contrast news stories—the reader should expect spin from an op-ed (editorial). You can supplement your stories by reading editorials to inform your analysis and identify different perspectives. It is true that some news editorializes, but you should be able to tell the difference between an article that is reporting, versus one that is persuading (Note: If you see ‘opinion’ or ‘views’ in the URL, I will, too when I look at your citations). Stick with articles that at least claimto be news. No editorials! The insidious part of the commercial news business is when editorials are sold as news, and it happens all the time in story selection, sources used, language used, etc. Don’t get caught doing what we’re trying to expose in this class.
  • No more than one newswire story (e.g., Reuters, Associated Press). Many news organizations subscribe to newswires and can use their stories in their own papers/websites. That means that they may reflect more the perspective of the newswire than the subscribing organization (but the organization did choose to carry it, right?), and you may not find variation from one site/paper to the next if they’re both carrying the same newswire story—nothing to compare, and that won’t be good for your analysis or grade because you should have caught it when documenting the source. It also means that the same AP or Reuters or Cox story covered by two outlets might read pretty much the same. So part of this assignment requires you be able to identify if you’ve chosen a newswire story. Know your original sources.
• Choosing stories, sources. Choose one article from each of these three groups:
  • Right-leaning: FoxNews, Washington Examiner, Breitbart, Newsmax
  • Center: Christian Science Monitor, USA Today, CNN, NPR
  • Left-leaning: Reader Supported News, Democracy Now, Vice, New York Times.
    • If you’re having trouble finding the same story across three sites, try some searches, but you need to justify sources as fitting the categories of left, right and center (email me if you have questions). But if you leave out representation from the right, center, or left in your analysis, it will come out in the points. It pays to follow instructions!
  • Doing background research on your story. There are many ways to do this—use your common sense. What do you need to know to understand the story and its dimensions, and from what sources? Some examples:
    • Looking up an organization, who funds it, whether it’s affiliated with one party or movement
    • Looking up the author(s) of the stories
    • Informing yourself by checking out reference sources (e.g., a reputable scientific website, a non-profit research cite [Pew Research, for instance], a LexisNexisor Google News search of previous coverage), other prior news coverage on the topic (from enough sources not to fall into a bias trap on the research), a report issued by a public or non-profit agency, etc. Lots of ways to go (some resources here, too). Be smart about sources you use that help you understand the story better for your analysis. A minimum of three outside sources required (above and beyond the three versions of the story you chose). One of those can be the ‘How to detect’ booklet. And remember, journalists try to seek the truth and report it–not our personal truth, but verifiable, fact-based truth.

Resources for completing this assignment

The ‘Fact over Fake’ book gives dozens of helpful examples. Incorporating it in meaningful ways is not an option (that is … it’s part of the grading rubric).

Sources for news analysis

There are many ‘weblogs’ or sites that analyze, critique, and/or fact-check the day’s news. You can find a small slice here. These will give you ideas about various angles taken in stories (do acknowledge bias).

Watchdog sites and other possible resources

Examples of sites that keep an eye on news outlets and coverage they suspect of bias :

• FAIR(fairness and accuracy in reporting)
• Mediaite(news on the news)
• Columbia Journalism Review(their takes on coverage)
• PRWatchcovers the PR industry and media spin (one of their sites, Sourcewatch, is good for investigating various organizations and agencies). Use to look up information on source credibility.
• Politifact. Fact-checking from the Poynter Institute.
• The Course Resourcespage will provide you with some ideas

Even fact checkers can have subtle biases, though. Remember—sometimes ‘left-right’ controversies are just distractions—other biases may be at work. Keep that in mind, lest you get caught up in the same rhetoric we cover extensively. Also, you can get more resources from the course site’s resources page.

You will produce a report, covering a news story from three different sources and three different points on that political spectrum. It should be 5-7 pages in length, double-spaced—plus a short conclusion. Here’s how points will be distributed:

Spin journal requirements, points

 Good advice

• Choice—your choice of a story and articles is important. You’ll want to find three sources that report on the same event or issue, preferably on the same day, and stick to stories of political importance. So a big mistake would be to choose a story where you’re not likely to find any differences—for instance where the political stakes may be low, or where the public simply yawns. An overthrow of the government in Thailand, or the plight of the Rohingya in Myanmar and Bangladesh, or famine and war in Yemen, though important stories, won’t work well for this assignment. American outlets won’t put much effort into covering them because so few Americans follow news that doesn’t directly involve Americans. And … No historical stories—they must be happening during the term.  Make sure you are not using the same story appearing on two different sites (e.g., from the same newswire, like Associated Press, or Reuters).
• Discussion—What did you learn? What are the meaningful differences of the story versions you chose? Did the authors seek out credible sources, or go with political hacks repeating talking points? What perspectives are included, which excluded? Start with a brief summary, and move into analysis of the articles, the points made, research you’ve done on the topic, the authors, sources, word length, context, etc. Use what we’ve learned in class, and the ‘Fact over Fake’handbook to help explain the differences between each source’s coverage of the story. This is where choice of sources and story are key. Don’t get so caught up in the story that you forget the point—to analyze its coverage. Yes, summarize it, show you understood it, but the analysis has to do with how the three sources covered it (presumably, differently). Be wary of pushing your own agenda on a story—that’s usually easy to spot. It’s hard to be critical of things we might agree with, but that’s what you’re being asked to do—critical analysis.
• Documentation—full citations at the end of the assignment. Original sources (some news sites pull stories from other sources—but the cite should include the original source)! Documentation can also include location(front page, home page, living section, etc.), word length (if you copy and paste into word, you can go to the ‘tools’ menu and do a word count), what sources are used in the article (are they identified, who are the individuals, are they experts, do they work for think tanks, industry, academe, etc.?). Then you may want to check out a source on Google, or sourcewatch, to see if an ‘expert’ sold to the news audience as independent might in fact have a conflict of interest (keep that ‘tools‘ page in mind). Also—show, don’t just tell—don’t make statements without supporting them with evidence or quotes from your articles. Show you read them, absorbed them, analyzed the differences, and can point them out in a logical fashion that exhibits what you learned from the ‘Fact over Fake’ book and the class.
• Research/detective work—Do research on the topic, on sources quoted in the article, organizations mentioned in the article, the author, etc. If there is any scientific component, present that perspective, and any efforts to cloud the scientific issues or the credibility of sources. The resources pagehas lots of possibilities in terms of doing research, whether it be a reporter and their credentials, website and who funds it, an ‘expert’ and their credentials among peers, history behind the topic you’ve chosen, etc. You may want to check out a source on Google, or sourcewatch, to see if any of the ‘principals’ in the article have any ideological baggage or commercial interests, unbeknownst to the audience.
• Following the ‘rules’—I expect that you’ll follow the structure I’ve laid out for this. You cannot do this assignment well in less than five pages, double-spaced. Nor can you do this well if you wait until the last week of the course. We will have by this time placed great emphasis on the credibility of outside sources used (‘unimpeachable’ is ideal, but the key is to disclose any implicit biases), so you will want to do the same in your paper. This is the assignment that demonstrates you pulled together key elements of the class and applied them to a real-world setting, and showed you learned something of value in the process that you were able to communicate. Grades will be earned accordingly.
• Insight gleaned—Your last paragraph should be a reflection of what you learned from this exercise. If you enjoyed it great, hated it, I’m sorry, but what did you get out of it? Be thoughtful.

80 pts possible, Due August 29 in Canvas